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الكلية كلية الهندسة القسم الهندسة الميكانيكية المرحلة 2
أستاذ المادة هارون عبد الكاظم شهد الجنابي 4/13/2011 10:01:37 AM

Introduction to Thermodynamics

Training Objectives

The participant will be introduced to:

1.1 basic concepts and definitions.

1.2 the properties of a pure substance.

1.3 work and heat.

1.4 the fist law of thermodynamics.

1.5 the second law of thermodynamics.

1.6 the steam cycle.

Thermodynamics

Training Centre / Centre de formation

Thermodynamics - Page 1

Training Centre / Centre de formation

Introduction to Thermodynamics

Table of Contents

1 Introduction........................................................................................................ 3

2 Basic Concepts and Definitions ..................................................................... 4

2.1 Thermodynamic system.................................................................... 5

2.2 Control volume .................................................................................. 5

2.3 Properties and state of a substance ................................................. 5

2.4 Process and cycles.............................................................................. 6

2.5 Energy.................................................................................................. 6

2.6 Specific volume .................................................................................. 6

2.7 Pressure ............................................................................................... 7

2.8 Temperature........................................................................................ 7

2.9 The zeroth law of thermodynamics ................................................ 7

3 The Properties of a Pure Substance ............................................................... 8

3.1 The pure substance ............................................................................ 8

3.2 Vapour-liquid-solid-phase equilibrium.......................................... 8

3.3 Independent properties of a pure substance................................. 10

3.4 Equation of state for the vapour phase

of a simple compressible substance................................................ 11

3.5 Numerical example........................................................................... 11

4 Work and Heat................................................................................................... 11

4.1 Definition of work............................................................................. 11

4.2 Units for work ................................................................................... 12

4.3 Numerical example........................................................................... 12

4.4 Definition of heat .............................................................................. 13

4.5 Units of heat....................................................................................... 14

Thermodynamics - Page 2

December 1995

Training Centre / Centre de formation

5 The First Law of Thermodynamics............................................................... 14

5.1 The first law of thermodynamics for a system

undergoing a cycle............................................................................ 14

5.2 The first law of thermodynamics for a change

in state of a system............................................................................ 15

5.3 The thermodynamic property enthalpy ........................................ 16

5.4 The constant-volume and constant-pressure specific heats ....... 16

5.5 First-law analysis for a control volume ......................................... 16

5.5.1 Conservation of mass ....................................................................... 16

5.5.2 The first law of thermodynamics.................................................... 18

6 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics..................................... 20

6.1 Heat engines and thermal efficiencies ........................................... 20

6.2 Introduction of entropy.................................................................... 21

6.3 Inequality of Clausius ...................................................................... 21

6.4 Entropy............................................................................................... 22

6.5 The third law of thermodynamics.................................................. 23

6.6 Entropy change of a system during an irreversible process....... 23

6.7 Principle of the increase of entropy................................................ 24

6.8 Second-law analysis for a control volume..................................... 24

7 The Steam Cycle ............................................................................................... 26

7.1 Exercise ............................................................................................... 26

Thermodynamics - Page 3

Training Centre / Centre de formation

1.0 Introduction

Thermodynamics is the science that deals with heat and work and these

properties of substances that bear a relation to heat and work. Like all sciences,

the basis of thermodynamics is experimental observation. In thermodynamics

these findings have been formalized into certain basic laws, which are known as

the first, second, and third law of thermodynamics. In addition to these laws,

the zeroth law of thermodynamics, which in the logical development of

thermodynamics precedes the first law, has been set forth.

In what follows, we will present the basic thermodynamics laws, and apply

them to a number of representative examples.

Before, a brief description of a CANDU nuclear plant will be presented to

illustrate the actual thermodynamics processes and the required equipment.

CANDU 600 Primary (Heat Transport) Circuit: 380 reactor channels are

distributed in four groups of 95 pressure tubes. Each group is connected to a

single inlet and outlet header via individual feeders. The core is cooled by heavy

water coolant circulating in two distinct circuits, each one including two main

coolant pumps and two steam generators (see Fig. 1.1). Each circuit is designed

as a figure of 8 loop with two reactor passes (95 channels per pass).

CANDU 600 Secondary (Conventional) Side: the secondary side uses light

water as coolant in the liquid-vapour cycle. The circuit starts at the upper part of

the four steam generators which are connected to a steam header. Through the

governor valve, the steam main feeds the two stages (low and high pressure

stages) of the turbine. The turbine is connected to the condenser where liquid

water is recovered. Through the feedwater pumps and control valves, the cold

water is then supplied to the preheater (lower part) of the steam generators

(see Fig. 1.1)

Thermodynamics

المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .

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