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Chapter One: Introduction and Basic Concepts


1-1 Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

The basic concepts of thermodynamics such as system, energy, property, state, process, cycle, pressure, and temperature are explained.
Thermodynamics is concerned with the transfer of heat and the appearance or disappearance of work attending various chemical and physical processes.
• The natural phenomena that occur about us;
• Controlled chemical reactions;
• The performance of engines
• Hypothetical processes such as chemical reactions that do not occur but can be imagined.

History:
Thermodynamics emerged as a science with the construction of the first successful atmospheric steam engines in England by Thomas Savery in 1697 and Thomas Newcomen in 1712. These engines were very slow and inefficient, but they opened the way for the development of a new science.
The first and second laws of thermodynamics emerged simultaneously in the 1850s primarily out of the works of William Rankine, Rudolph Clausius, and Lord Kelvin (formerly William Thomson). The term thermodynamics was first used in a publication by Lord Kelvin in 1849. The first thermodynamic textbook was written in 1859 by William Rankine, a professor at the University of Glasgow.

1-2 Classical versus Statistical Thermodynamic:

Substance consists of a large number of particles called molecules. The properties of the substance naturally depend on the behavior of these particles. For example, the pressure of a gas in a container is the result of momentum transfer between the molecules and the walls of the container. However, one does not need to know the behavior of the gas particles to determine the pressure in the container. It would be sufficient to attach a pressure gage to the container.
This macroscopic approach to the study of thermodynamics that does not require a knowledge of the behavior of individual particles is called classical thermodynamics. It provides a direct and easy way to the solution of engineering problems.


A more elaborate approach, based on the average behavior of large groups of individual particles, is called statistical thermodynamics.